Hospitals eligible to take the assessment are those with EDs open 24/7.

EDs were categorized by annual pediatric volume:

• low (<1,800 patients)
• medium (1,800-4,999)
• medium-high (5,000-9,999)
• high (>10,000)

Hospital types included:

• general hospital
• children’s hospital within a general hospital
• stand-alone children’s hospital
• critical access hospital
• micro-hospital
• off-site hospital or satellite ED
• independently owned free-standing ED
• other

The ED configuration was defined as:

• a general ED (adults and children are seen in the same space)
• a separate pediatric ED in a hospital that treats both children and adults
• a pediatric ED in a children’s hospital
• or “other”

To view full ED demographics, view Table 1 in the research paper.